Ötzi the Iceman’s many tattoos were made by “hand-poking” — a manual version of the tattooing technique usually used today — and not by cutting his skin as some researchers have suggested, according to a new study.

Ötzi died in Europe’s Alps about 5,300 years ago, and his body remained mummified there for thousands of years until tourists discovered it in 1991 on a mountain pass near the border of Italy and Austria. Studies have since revealed many aspects of his life, including the tools and weapons he carried, his clothes and his last meal.

There have also been studies of Ötzi’s 61 tattoos; but while it’s often reported they were made by cutting the skin and rubbing soot into the incision, that doesn’t seem to have been the case, according to study first author Aaron Deter-Wolf, an expert on ancient tattooing who works for the state of Tennessee’s Department of Environment and Conservation.

Instead, “within reasonable doubt they are hand-poked, rather than being incised or being done in any other style,” Deter-Wolf told Live Science.